Freedom and Responsibility

According to a frequently quoted hadith, the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, is reported to have said: “actions depend on intentions.”  The subsequent wording of this hadith clarifies that what is being asserted is that the rewards for righteous actions are in direct proportion to the motivating intention behind them.  In the…

Between Isness and Oughtness

Contemporary atheists have resurrected an old idea.  The problem of evil, they argue, is a veritable proof for the non-existence of God.  This may be so, but who told them that evil was a problem? The “problem of evil” is simply this: the world as-it-is seems to fall far short of the world as-it-ought-to-be.  Things…